Add component database layer and validated physics core

- components/schema.py + database.py: typed loader for real retail parts
  (wire, capacitors, switches, sensors, projectile materials)
- physics/inductance.py: multilayer solenoid inductance (Wheeler) with
  ferromagnetic-slug coupling via smooth overlap model and analytic dL/dx
- physics/force.py: F = 0.5*I^2*dL/dx with a saturation clamp
- physics/circuit.py: coupled [Q,I,x,v] discharge ODE
- Validated against textbook RLC analytical solutions (under/over/critically
  damped) and energy conservation, not just spot-checked by eye
- PLAN.md updated with animation (per-run field visualization) and
  GPU-accelerated batch sweep as explicit later stages

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

tests/fixtures/data/capacitors.json

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+[
+  {
+    "part_number": "test-cap-450v-220uf",
+    "capacitance_uf": 220.0,
+    "voltage_v": 450.0,
+    "esr_ohm": 0.05,
+    "max_current_a": 200.0,
+    "price": 150.0,
+    "source": "fixture"
+  }
+]

tests/fixtures/data/projectile_materials.json

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+[
+  {
+    "name": "test-steel",
+    "density_kg_m3": 7850.0,
+    "mu_r": 200.0,
+    "b_sat_tesla": 1.8,
+    "price_per_kg": 100.0,
+    "source": "fixture"
+  }
+]

tests/fixtures/data/sensors.json

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+[
+  {
+    "part_number": "test-optical",
+    "kind": "optical",
+    "propagation_delay_ns": 500.0,
+    "price": 20.0,
+    "source": "fixture"
+  },
+  {
+    "part_number": "test-inductive-pickup",
+    "kind": "inductive",
+    "propagation_delay_ns": 0.0,
+    "price": 5.0,
+    "source": "fixture",
+    "sensitivity_v_per_mps": 0.02,
+    "threshold_v": 0.1
+  }
+]

tests/fixtures/data/switches.json

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+[
+  {
+    "part_number": "test-scr-25a",
+    "kind": "SCR",
+    "max_current_a": 25.0,
+    "max_voltage_v": 600.0,
+    "on_resistance_ohm": null,
+    "on_voltage_drop_v": 1.5,
+    "turn_on_time_ns": 2000.0,
+    "price": 80.0,
+    "source": "fixture"
+  }
+]

tests/fixtures/data/wires.json

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+[
+  {
+    "part_id": "test-cu-0.5",
+    "material": "copper",
+    "gauge_mm": 0.5,
+    "insulation_od_mm": 0.55,
+    "resistivity_ohm_m": 1.72e-8,
+    "max_current_a": 3.0,
+    "price_per_m": 5.0,
+    "source": "fixture"
+  },
+  {
+    "part_id": "test-al-0.5",
+    "material": "aluminum",
+    "gauge_mm": 0.5,
+    "insulation_od_mm": 0.55,
+    "resistivity_ohm_m": 2.82e-8,
+    "max_current_a": 2.2,
+    "price_per_m": 2.0,
+    "source": "fixture"
+  }
+]